| Introduction. | | | | When we write an award criteria objectively, it is in |
| Cultural practices, cognitive behavior, peer groups, | | | | terms of an actual object of this world. One which |
| learned behavior and individual preferences have a | | | | we perceive with cognitive actions like walking, |
| profound effect upon web site creations and award | | | | grasping, rotation's or from afar with stability with |
| criteria-objectivity or subjectivity. | | | | respect to action, but in these instances with an |
| In addition what our visitors want and can give and | | | | award seeker, the observation at different times |
| what we wish to give and want are not necessarily | | | | taking into account cognitive behavior, the more we |
| equal, because each group makes decisions and | | | | know the more we will discover and with discovery |
| applications which consider a representation, in terms | | | | comes constancy. |
| of textural descriptions or graphics, of web content. | | | | Cognitive Style |
| Objectivity | | | | Riding and Rayner (1998) contend that as individuals, |
| Plato considered knowledge concerned with universal | | | | we organize and present information according to our |
| truths. To him personal opinions were simply | | | | understanding of information processed and filter this |
| irrelevant, since they belong in the area of change | | | | information which transforms it to our own culture, |
| and were not fixed eternal. From Plato we gained the | | | | peer groups and those whom we hold in esteem. We |
| core of modern ideology of science. | | | | refer to this as cultural cognition theory (CCT). CCT |
| A feature of academic writing is emphasis on the | | | | is important in web and award development because |
| information which the writer can give. Thoughts and | | | | we can observe the total design which includes |
| beliefs are based upon what has been studied, | | | | graphics, text, music and informational architecture |
| learned and how this has enabled various conclusions, | | | | and form a strategy not to penalize differences from |
| which would lead a reader to assume that any idea | | | | that of our own cultures. Such a strategy recognizes |
| not referenced is that of the author. | | | | that cultural building blocks are well formed by young |
| When objectivity as a concept originally evolved, it | | | | adulthood and will take a considerable time to |
| did not mean that those who write an award criteria | | | | reconfigure, if at all. |
| or create a website were free from bias, rather the | | | | Measuring user understanding (an award criteria) by |
| mission was to consistently test information in a | | | | different cultures (in a broad sense this applies to |
| transparent approach, so that personal and cultural | | | | regions even within the United States, educational |
| bias would not undermine the award program. Then a | | | | background and so forth) involves operators which |
| thought to give a criteria from the most important to | | | | are known to affect cognitive processes, such as |
| the least important, which would help an award | | | | short-term and long-term memory and local and past |
| seeker understand an unbiased and uniform approach | | | | cultural experiences. |
| to award giving. | | | | Definition: The Modern technical definition of culture, |
| In the original concept the method was objective, | | | | as socially patterned human thought and behavior, |
| not the award criteria creator. The key was in the | | | | was originally proposed by the nineteenth-century |
| discipline, not the criteria itself. One implication is that | | | | British anthropologist, Edward Tylor. This definition is |
| of an impartial writer who created a criteria from a | | | | an open-ended list, which has been extended |
| neutral viewpoint, would transform from seeking | | | | considerably since Tylor first proposed it. Some |
| awards themselves, to innovation in observing, | | | | researchers have attempted to create exhaustive |
| understanding or evaluation of those who seek | | | | universal lists of the content of culture, usually as |
| awards. | | | | guides for further research. |
| At present older conventions or understanding have | | | | Citations |
| not been expanded to match the new forms of | | | | Choong and Salvendy, 1999 |
| Internet publications and methodology and has done | | | | Chang and White, 1992 |
| less to develop award criteria to accept diverse | | | | Farnen, 1993 |
| cultures or encompass ideology beyond that held by | | | | Nisbett and Norenzayan, 2002 |
| the award creator. | | | | Principia Cybernetica, 1997 |
| Cognitive Actions or Features | | | | E. Br. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology, Wadsworth, |
| In 1919, Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz wrote the | | | | 2004 |
| following account of reporting on the Russian | | | | Project for Excellence in Journalism |
| Revolution. "In the large, the news about Russia is a | | | | Popper, Karl R. Objective Knowledge: An evolutionary |
| case of seeing not what was, but what men wished | | | | Approach, Oxford Press, 1972 |
| to see." In their opinion, the news writers did not | | | | Allen Megill, Rethinking Objectivity, London: Duke UP, |
| factor out certain cognitive actions which would have | | | | 1994 |
| resulted in an objective writing about the Russian | | | | Disclaimer: The citations, white paper and comments |
| Revolution. | | | | are neither a repudiation nor a criticism of current |
| Once information is received by the sensory organs, | | | | practices by anyone and is intended solely as factual |
| it is encoded and sent to the brain, like parsing a | | | | information for all to consider if and when an author |
| world into objects, making inferences, having | | | | begins to revisit their own AP criteria, which is a |
| associative memory and so forth. Once in the brain | | | | process promising to give longevity and credibility to |
| an action is initiated, which in some instances bears | | | | what we are attempting through our individual |
| no resemblance to objectivity. | | | | efforts. Enjoy! |